Физическая природа механизмов упрочнения при экстремально длительной эксплуатации рельсов
УДК 531
Аннотация
Проведена количественная оценка механизмов упрочнения поверхностного слоя на основе закономерностей и механизмов формирования структурно-фазовых состояний, выявленных методами современного физического материаловедения на разной глубине головки рельса по центральной оси и выкружке дифференцированно закаленных 100-метровых рельсов после экстремально длительной эксплуатации (пропущенный тоннаж 1411 млн тонн). Длительная эксплуатация рельсов сопровождается формированием градиента структурных составляющих, заключающегося в закономерном изменении относительного содержания пластинчатого перлита, разрушенного перлита и скалярной структурой феррит-карбидной смеси и избыточной плотности дислокаций по сечению головки рельсов. По мере приближения к поверхности выкружки рельсов относительное содержание объема металла со структурой пластинчатого перлита снижается, а со структурой разрушенного перлита и феррито-карбидной смеси увеличивается. Оценены вклады трения решетки матрицы, внутрифазных границ, дислокационной субструктуры, наличия карбидных частиц, полей внутренних напряжений, твердорастворного упрочнения, перлитной составляющей структуры стали. Показано, что в поверхностном слое основной механизм упрочнения обусловлен взаимодействием движущихся дислокаций с малоугловыми границами
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