The Diplomatic Recognition Dilemma: Exploring the PRC’s Impact on British-American Relations (1949-1950)
УДК 327.82 ББК 63.3(0)63
Abstract
The proclamation of a Communist government in China on October 1, 1949 deepened the ideological confrontation between East and West in the Cold War. As NATO allies, Britain and the United States were equally unaccepting of communist ideology and wary of its spread. Nevertheless, as early as January 1950, the British government of C. Attlee recognized Mao Zedong's government, becoming the first capitalist country to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. At the same time, the United States refrained from recognizing the PRC for thirty years, and the establishment of diplomatic ties between the countries occurred only in 1979. This article aims to compare the interests and motives of the two countries on the issue of diplomatic recognition of the PRC and assess the impact of British recognition of China on British-American relations.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Ovendale R. Britain, the United States and the Recognition of Communist China // The Historical Journal. 1983. Vol. 26, No. 1 (March). Pp. 139-158.
Gallicchio M. The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and the Fall of the Japanese Empire. New York, 1988.
Wolf D. To Secure a Convenience: Britain Recognizes China — 1950 // Journal of Contemporary History. 1983. Vol. 18, No. 2 (April). Pp. 299-326.
Feng Zh. British Government’s China Policy, 1945-1950. Edinburg, 1994.
Clayton D. British Foreign Economic Policy toward China, 1949-1960 // Electronic Journal of International History. 2000. No. 6. URL: https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/3393A/ Journal_of_International_History_2000_n6_Clayton.pdf.
Younger K. A British View of the Far East // Pacific Affairs. 1954. Vol. 27. No. 2. Pp. 99-111.
Kaufman V. Confronting Communism: U.S. and British Policies toward China. Columbia, 2001.
Watson R. The Foreign Office and Policy-Making in China 1945-1950. Anglo-American Relations and the Recognition of Communist China (the PhD Thesis). Leeds, 1996.
Богатуров А.Д. Великие державы на Тихом океане. М., 1997.
Ледовский А.М. СССР, США и китайская революция глазами очевидца. 1946-1949. М., 2005.
Воробьева Т.А. США, СССР и Китай в 19451946 гг. (по материалам новейших документальных публикаций) // Вестник Вятского государственного университета. 2007. № 16.
Клименко О.О. Миссия Джорджа Маршалла в Китае (декабрь 1945 — январь 1947 гг.) // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. История. 2013. № 3.
Рагозин Д.В. Отмена неравноправных договоров и переосмысление роли Китая в политической и военной стратегии США (1942-1944 гг.) // Вестник Томского государственного университета. 2020. № 455.
Thompson T. China’s Nationalization of Foreign Firms: The Politics of Hostage Capitalism, 1949-1957. Baltimore, 1979.
Keller W, Shiue C. China’s Foreign Trade and Invest ment, 1800-1950. NBER Working Paper Series. Cambridge, 2020. URL: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w27558/w27558.pdf.
Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS). 1948. Vol. VIII: The Far East: China. Doc. 403. Wash., D.C., 1972. URL: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1948v08/d403.
FRUS. 1948. Vol. VIII. Doc. 373. URL: https://history. state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1948v07/d373.
Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the United States, the UK and the USSR, Moscow, December, 16-26, 1945. URL: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade19.asp.
FRUS. 1945. Vol. VII: The Far East, China. Doc. 544. URL: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/
frus1945v07/d544.
FRUS. 1947. Vol. VII: The Far East, China. Doc. 589. URL: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/
frus1947v07/d589.
House of Commons Debate, May 1947. URL: https:// api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1947/ may/07/china-civil-war#S5CV0437P0_19470507_CWA_60.
The National Archives. 1948, November-December. URL: http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/large/cab-129-31.pdf.
FRUS. 1949. Vol. IX. The Far East: China. Doc. 493. URL: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/
frus1949v09/pg_493.
House of Commons Debate, May 1949. URL: https:// api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1949/may/05/ china-british-policy.
FRUS. 1949. Vol. IX. The Far East: China. Doc. 7. URL: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1949v09/d7
FRUS. 1949. Vol. IX. The Far East: China. Doc. 8. URL: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1949v09/d8.
Acheson D. Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. New York, 1969.
Foreign News: Man of Feeling // Time. February 7,1949. URL: https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,799759,00.html.
China: Last Salvo // Time. May 9, 1949. URL: https:// content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,800221,00. html.
Foreign Relations: The Other Side of the World // Time. July 4, 1949. URL: https://content.time.com/time/ subscriber/article/0,33009,888522,00.html.
Department of State Bulletin, 1949. Vol. 21, Issue 528. URL: https://ia601805.us.archive.org/28/items/sim_depart-
ment-of-state-bulletin_1949-08-15_21_528/sim_depart-ment-of-state-bulletin_1949-08-15_21_528.pdf.
FRUS. 1949. Vol. IX. The Far East: China. Doc. 92. URL: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1949v09/d92.
Memorandum by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. 24th October, 1949. URL: http://filestore. nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-129-37-cp-214.pdf.
FRUS. 1949. Vol. IX. The Far East: China. Doc. 184. URL: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1949v09/d184.
British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. Part IV, From 1946 through 1950. Series E: Asia, 1950. Vol. 10. Bethesda, 2003.
FRUS. 1951. Vol. VII: Korea and China. Doc. 283. URL: https://history. state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1951v07p1/ d283.
Howlett J. ‘The British Boss is Gone and Will Never Return’: Communist Takeovers of British Companies in Shanghai (1949-1954) // Modern Asian Studies. 2013. Vol. 47, No. 6. Pp. 1941-1976.
Copyright (c) 2023 Нина Сергеевна Малышева , Нина Андреевна Яковлева
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Izvestiya of Altai State University is a golden publisher, as we allow self-archiving, but most importantly we are fully transparent about your rights.
Authors may present and discuss their findings ahead of publication: at biological or scientific conferences, on preprint servers, in public databases, and in blogs, wikis, tweets, and other informal communication channels.
Izvestiya of Altai State University allows authors to deposit manuscripts (currently under review or those for intended submission to Izvestiya of Altai State University) in non-commercial, pre-print servers such as ArXiv.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
